weaving

Weaving is a method of fabric production in which two distinct sets of yarns, the warp and the weft, are interlaced at right angles to create a textile. The warp runs lengthwise and is held in tension while the weft is drawn through or around the warp threads to form fabric.

Historically, weaving developed independently in many regions. Archaeological finds and ancient texts indicate widespread textile production in Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas, with early fabrics made on simple looms using basic techniques.

Most weaving is performed on a loom. In the basic loom, warp threads are arranged in a frame and separated to create shedding; the weft is passed through using a shuttle, then beaten to tighten the fabric. Largely manual looms include backstrap looms and frame looms; mechanized looms include rapier, air-jet, and shuttleless looms.

Weave structures vary: plain weave is the simplest and most common; twill has diagonal ribs; satin has a smooth surface with long floats. Complex patterns are produced by controlled lifting of warp ends using devices such as dobby heads or Jacquard looms.

Fibers used include natural fibers like cotton, wool, silk, linen, and synthetic fibers like nylon and polyester. Finishing processes include washing, bleaching, dyeing, and pressing. Woven fabrics have applications in apparel, home furnishings, and industrial uses.

Weaving remains a major craft and industry, with traditional hand weaving continuing alongside modern manufacturing. It raises cultural significance and labor considerations, sustainability issues, and innovation in materials and automation.