Implantologia

Implantologia, or dental implantology, is a branch of dentistry dedicated to replacing missing teeth with dental implants. Implants are artificial roots, usually screw-shaped fixtures placed into the jawbone to support crowns, bridges, or overdentures. The field encompasses surgical placement, prosthetic rehabilitation, and long-term maintenance, as well as planning and follow-up to preserve surrounding tissues.

Most implants are endosteal titanium fixtures that osseointegrate with the surrounding bone, forming a stable biologic connection. Titanium and its alloys are standard for their favorable strength and biocompatibility; zirconia is used in cases requiring metal-free restorations. Implantology also includes alternative configurations such as subperiosteal or transosseous implants, though these are less common today.

Planning involves comprehensive assessment, imaging (periapical radiographs, panoramic radiographs, CT or CBCT), and sometimes digital planning software and guided surgery. The typical sequence includes surgical placement of the implant, a healing period to allow osseointegration, uncovering if necessary, placement of an abutment, and fabrication of the final prosthesis. Loading strategies vary: most implants are functionally loaded after a healing phase, but immediate loading may be possible in carefully selected patients.

Outcomes depend on clinical factors, implant design, surgical technique, and patient health. Success rates are generally high, though complications can occur, including peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis, infection, implant fracture, or nerve/sinus injury. Maintenance relies on meticulous oral hygiene, regular professional evaluation, and management of risk factors such as smoking or diabetes.

Impact and evolution: Advances in imaging, planning software, and biomaterials have expanded indications, including rehabilitation in atrophic jaws and complex full-arch restorations. Ongoing research focuses on surface coatings, loading protocols, and long-term biological behavior of peri-implant tissues.