crowns

A crown is a circular or semicircular ornamental headdress worn by monarchs and deities as a symbol of authority and sovereignty. Crowns appear in many cultures; in coronation ceremonies they symbolize the transfer of rule. In some traditions, crowns accompany religious iconography.

Most traditional crowns are gold and set with gemstones, enamel, and pearls. They can be closed circles or open circlets, sometimes with arches or crosses. The term crown is also used for a coronet or diadem. In many museums, royal crowns are preserved as regalia; the design often reflects era, dynasty, and ritual function.

Historical examples include the double crown of ancient Egypt, the Pschent, which united Upper and Lower Egypt; in Byzantine and Western Europe, jeweled crowns symbolizing imperial or royal authority; and medieval and early modern crowns used in coronations. The crown jewels symbolize continuity of rule and the ceremonial aspects of monarchy.

Today, crowns are worn on ceremonial occasions by reigning or former monarchs and remain powerful symbols in constitutional rituals; many nations maintain collections of crown jewels. The term crowns is also used metaphorically to denote top status or excellence.

Dental crowns: a dental restoration that completely caps or encircles a tooth or dental implant; materials include metal alloys, porcelain-fused-to-metal, all-ceramic, zirconia. Indications include tooth decay, fracture, and large fillings; the procedure involves tooth preparation, impression, fabrication, and cementation. Longevity typically ranges from about 5 to 15 years or more with good care.