implant

An implant is any object or tissue placed into the body for therapeutic purposes or to replace a missing biological structure. Implants may be mechanical devices, biocompatible materials fixed surgically, or living tissue grafts. They may be permanent or temporary; many require follow-up and possible revision or removal.

Medical implants include dental implants that fuse with jawbone to support teeth; orthopedic implants such as joint prostheses and spinal devices; cardiovascular implants including pacemakers, stents, and heart valves; neural and sensory implants such as cochlear implants, deep brain stimulators, and retinal prostheses; and other devices like iris implants or tissue scaffolds.

Materials commonly used are biocompatible metals (titanium alloys, stainless steel), ceramics, polymers, and composite materials. Design emphasizes biocompatibility, mechanical stability, corrosion resistance, and integration with tissue. Implants can be permanent or designed for eventual removal. They require sterile surgical implantation, perioperative care, and long-term monitoring for complications such as infection, device malfunction, loosening, or rejection.

Regulation and ethics: In many countries implants are regulated as medical devices with premarket testing and post-market surveillance. Approval processes vary (FDA in the United States, CE marking in the European Economic Area). Ethical considerations include informed consent, risk communication, and access to care.