revision

Revision is the process of re-examining and modifying content to improve its accuracy, clarity, coherence, and overall quality. In practice, revision often follows drafting and precedes final publication or submission. It can involve substantial changes to ideas, structure, and emphasis, as well as improvements to language and style.

In writing and publishing, revision may entail reorganizing sections, strengthening arguments, removing redundancies, and ensuring consistency of voice. Writers may produce multiple revised versions before reaching a final manuscript. Editors frequently request revisions as part of the editorial workflow, sometimes returning copies with notes rather than changing the text themselves.

In software development and information management, revision refers to a new version of a document or source code stored by a revision control system. Each revision records changes since a previous version and enables retrieval, comparison, and collaboration. Common systems include Git, Subversion, and Mercurial; in Git, revisions are identified by commits and can be merged via branches.

In education, revision also means the process of studying and reviewing material in preparation for examinations or assessments. Effective revision strategies include summarizing content, practicing problems, and testing recall over time.

Historically, revision has been part of manuscript culture. Scribes and editors revised texts to correct errors, update information, or adapt works for new audiences. With the advent of digital editing and version control, revision can be iterative and rapid, sometimes producing many progressively refined copies.

Types of revision include substantive revision, which changes content or structure, and surface revision, which improves wording and syntax. Challenges include revision fatigue, over-editing, and balancing fidelity to the original intent with necessary improvements.