healing

Healing is the process by which the body or an individual regains health after injury, illness, or distress. The term can refer to biological repair, psychological recovery, or social and spiritual restoration. In medical contexts, healing may lead to full restoration of function or to a state of well-being even if the original condition cannot be completely reversed.

Biological healing of tissue involves coordinated phases: hemostasis to stop bleeding, inflammation to remove debris and prevent infection, proliferation to regenerate tissue, and remodeling to restore strength and function. Healing dynamics vary by tissue type; bone healing commonly involves callus formation and remodeling over weeks to months. Nutritional status, oxygenation, moisture, infection control, and mechanical stability influence outcomes.

Medical healing encompasses interventions such as surgery, pharmacotherapy, irradiation, and rehabilitation aimed at curing disease or alleviating symptoms and restoring function. Some conditions enter remission or are managed chronically, yet patients may experience personal healing through adaptation and improved quality of life.

Psychological healing refers to recovery from mental health symptoms, trauma, or grief, often supported by psychotherapy, social support, coping strategies, and, in some cultures, spiritual practices. Social or collective healing addresses communities or groups affected by conflict, illness, or discrimination through reconciliation, dialogue, and shared rituals.

Several factors influence healing, including age, chronic disease, nutrition, smoking, infection, medications, stress, and access to care. Adverse effects, scarring, disability, or chronic pain can accompany healing processes. Evidence-based practice emphasizes interventions with demonstrated benefit, while some traditional or alternative approaches require critical appraisal.