Exercise

Exercise refers to planned, structured physical activity aimed at improving or maintaining physical fitness, health, and well-being. It is a subset of physical activity, distinguished by intention and structure, such as following a program, setting goals, or measuring progress.

Common forms of exercise are grouped into aerobic (endurance) activities like walking, running, and cycling; resistance training such as weightlifting or bodyweight exercises; flexibility or mobility work; balance and neuromotor training; and sport-specific or recreational activities.

Benefits of regular exercise include improvements in cardiovascular and metabolic health, stronger bones and muscles, and better mental health, mood, and sleep. It reduces the risk of many chronic diseases such as heart disease, type 2 diabetes, certain cancers, and stroke, and enhances functional ability in older adults.

Guidelines commonly recommended by health organizations call for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity per week, or 75 minutes of vigorous activity, plus two or more days of strength training for adults. Children and adolescents should aim for about 60 minutes of physical activity daily, including aerobic, strength, and bone-strengthening activities. Benefits accrue with gradual progression and variety.

Safety and considerations include warming up and cooling down, staying hydrated, using proper technique, and wearing appropriate footwear. Individuals with chronic conditions or risk factors should consult a healthcare professional before starting a new program to tailor activities to their needs.

History and scope: Modern emphasis on exercise as a health behavior emerged in the 20th century with advances in sports science and public health, and today exercise is used in rehabilitation, fitness training, and lifestyle interventions.