CAD

Computer-aided design (CAD) refers to the use of computer systems to assist in the creation, modification, analysis, or optimization of a design. CAD software is used to produce two-dimensional drawings and three-dimensional models, which may be annotated and dimensioned for manufacturing or construction. Modern CAD packages support parametric and direct modeling, assemblies, and embedded simulation and visualization tools.

CAD originated in the mid-20th century with early research and systems such as Sketchpad and later mainframe-based drafting programs. It gained widespread adoption in engineering and manufacturing during the 1980s with personal computer–based applications and in architecture with Building Information Modeling (BIM) tools. The concept has since evolved toward integrated workflows that link CAD with computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) and computer-aided engineering (CAE).

Common CAD tasks include 2D drafting, 3D solid- or surface-modeling, parametric design, and the creation of assemblies. CAD models are used across industries, including aerospace, automotive, electronics, machinery, and civil engineering. File formats include DWG and DXF for compatibility, STEP and IGES for interoperability, and STL for 3D printing, along with various vendor-specific formats. Standards such as ISO 10303 (STEP) and Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) promote data exchange.

Benefits of CAD include increased precision, faster iteration, easier documentation, and better collaboration. Limitations can include high upfront cost, licensing constraints, learning curves, and challenges with interoperability among different software. Ongoing trends include parametric and generative design, cloud-based collaboration, and AI-assisted drafting and optimization.