packages

Packages are bundles of software components, libraries, resources, or data that are prepared for distribution and installation. In computing, a package typically contains compiled or source code, metadata describing its contents and dependencies, and scripts or instructions that automate build, test, and installation steps. Packages enable modular distribution and reuse across systems, allowing users to install software without building from source.

Package managers automate retrieval, installation, upgrade, configuration, and removal of packages from repositories. They handle dependency resolution to ensure required components are present and compatible. Common packaging formats include Debian's .deb, Red Hat's .rpm, and Arch's pacman packages, as well as language-specific systems such as Python's pip, Node.js's npm, Ruby's gems, and Java's Maven repositories.

Packages carry metadata that describes version, author, license, and dependencies. Versioning schemes, notably semantic versioning, help manage compatibility. Verification through checksums or digital signatures helps ensure integrity and authenticity, protecting against tampering and supply-chain risks. Repositories may enforce signing and reproducible builds.

Beyond software, the term packaging also covers physical packaging for consumer or industrial products, including materials, labeling, and packaging design. Modern packaging emphasizes protection, usability, branding, and environmental impact, with increasing focus on recyclability and reducing waste.

In both digital and physical contexts, packaging plays a central role in distribution, installation, maintenance, and logistics.