BIM

Building Information Modeling (BIM) is a collaborative process supported by digital tools to generate, manage, and share a data-rich representation of a built asset throughout its life cycle. BIM is not a single software product but an approach that relies on a centralized, parametric model and integrated workflows among architects, engineers, contractors, and operators.

A BIM model includes geometry, spatial relationships, geographic information, quantities, and attributes such as materials and performance data. It supports planning, design, construction sequencing (4D), cost estimation (5D), energy and sustainability analysis (6D), and facility management data for operation and maintenance.

Standards and interoperability: A common data environment (CDE) is used to manage information; ISO 19650 series provides information management requirements; Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) enables open data exchange; COBie supports handover data for facility management. BIM levels describe collaboration maturity, with Level 2 representing coordinated 3D BIM with managed 2D outputs and standardized data exchange, and Level 3 (where applicable) envisioning a fully integrated project environment.

Applications span project phases: early design visualization, clash detection, constructability review, procurement, and handover to facilities management. The approach aims to reduce rework, improve schedule reliability, lower costs, and enhance asset performance over the building's life.

Adoption considerations include upfront investment in software and training, governance and data ownership, and ensuring interoperability across supply chains. Legal and contractual structures may need to address model ownership and liability. Despite challenges, BIM has become widely adopted in public and private projects to improve collaboration and outcomes.