Autismi

Autismi, or autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in many contexts, is a neurodevelopmental condition that affects communication and behavior. It is defined by persistent differences in social interaction and communication, and by restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. The term “spectrum” reflects wide variation in abilities and support needs among individuals.

Signs commonly appear in early childhood but may be recognized later. Core features include difficulties with social reciprocity and nonverbal communication, challenges in understanding social cues, and a preference for routines or narrow interests. Sensory processing differences are common. Some individuals have language delays; others have typical or advanced language skills.

Historically there were separate diagnoses such as autistic disorder and Asperger syndrome. In DSM-5 and ICD-11 they are grouped under Autism Spectrum Disorder, with levels indicating needed support. Diagnosis is behavioral and developmental, not based on a medical test. Screening tools and comprehensive evaluations by a multidisciplinary team are used.

Etiology is multifactorial, with genetic factors contributing substantially and environmental influences playing a role. No single cause has been identified. Risk factors include family history of autism and parental age. There is no cure, but many interventions improve communication, social skills, and daily functioning.

Management is individualized and may include early intervention, speech and language therapy, occupational therapy, and educational supports. Evidence-based approaches such as applied behavior analysis and social skills training are used in some settings; others emphasize neurodiversity and accommodations. With appropriate supports, many autistic people lead fulfilling, independent lives.