autism

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by persistent differences in social communication and interaction, and by restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. The term spectrum reflects wide variation in symptoms and abilities, from individuals who need substantial support to those who may function independently.

Signs typically appear in the first three years of life, though some individuals are not diagnosed until later. Common features include difficulties with back-and-forth conversation, limited or unusual eye contact, difficulty with imaginative play, adherence to routines, intense or narrow interests, and heightened or reduced responses to sensory input.

Diagnosis involves developmental monitoring and a comprehensive evaluation by a qualified team, using developmental history and standardized assessments aligned with DSM-5 or ICD-11 criteria. Because symptoms exist on a continuum, the diagnosis often considers level of support needed.

Causes are not fully understood. There is a strong genetic component, with many genes implicated and higher concordance in twins. No single cause has been identified, and environmental factors may influence risk but do not by themselves explain ASD.

Treatment and supports are individualized; there is no cure. Early intensive behavioral and educational interventions, speech and language therapy, occupational therapy, and family coaching can improve communication and adaptive functioning. Neurodiversity-informed approaches emphasize acceptance and accommodation in addition to skill-building.

ASD is a lifelong condition. Individual outcomes vary widely depending on early identification, access to supports, co-occurring conditions (for example anxiety, ADHD, epilepsy), and the social and educational environment.