ASD

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by persistent challenges in social communication and social interaction across contexts, and by restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. The term “spectrum” reflects wide variation in presentation and severity. Symptoms typically appear in the first three years of life, though some individuals are diagnosed later. Core features vary and may include difficulties with back-and-forth conversation, reduced sharing of interests, challenges understanding nonverbal cues, repetitive movements, insistence on sameness, and intense interests. Sensory processing differences are common.

The causes of ASD are not fully understood, but a combination of genetic and environmental factors is implicated. No single cause exists. ASD occurs across all racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic groups. It is more commonly diagnosed in males but is also under-recognized in females.

Diagnosis is based on developmental history, observation, and standardized assessments, typically by a multidisciplinary team. Criteria differ between DSM-5 and ICD-11 but share core domains. Early intervention and tailored supports can improve communication, learning, and daily living.

There is no cure for ASD, but many individuals gain independence and develop skills with appropriate therapies, educational accommodations, and family support. Treatments are personalized; common interventions include behavioral therapies, speech and language therapy, occupational therapy, and social skills training. Some individuals may require management of co-occurring conditions such as anxiety, ADHD, or epilepsy, sometimes with medications.

ASD can be life-long, and supports often adapt across the lifespan, from early childhood through adulthood. In medical contexts, ASD may also refer to other conditions, such as atrial septal defect, so the intended meaning depends on context.