ARMD

Age-related macular degeneration (ARMD), commonly referred to as age-related macular degeneration or simply AMD, is a progressive eye disease that affects the macula, the central portion of the retina responsible for sharp, detailed vision. The macula is essential for activities such as reading, driving, and recognizing faces, making AMD a leading cause of vision loss in older adults.

There are two primary forms of AMD: dry (non-neovascular) and wet (neovascular). Dry AMD accounts for about 80-90% of cases and develops gradually as yellow deposits called drusen form beneath the retina. Over time, these deposits may lead to thinning or atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), resulting in gradual vision loss. Wet AMD, though less common, is more severe and occurs when abnormal blood vessels grow beneath the retina, leak blood and fluid, and cause rapid damage. Without treatment, wet AMD can lead to severe vision impairment within a short period.

Risk factors for AMD include advancing age, family history of the disease, smoking, obesity, hypertension, and a diet low in antioxidants and zinc. Genetic factors also play a role, with certain variations in genes like *CFH* and *ARMS2* increasing susceptibility. While there is no cure for AMD, lifestyle modifications such as quitting smoking, maintaining a healthy diet rich in leafy greens and fish, and regular exercise may help slow progression. For wet AMD, treatments such as anti-VEGF injections (e.g., ranibizumab, aflibercept) can help stabilize or improve vision by inhibiting abnormal blood vessel growth.

Early detection through regular eye exams, particularly for individuals over 50 or those with risk factors, is crucial for managing AMD. While vision loss from AMD cannot be fully reversed, early intervention and proper management can help preserve remaining sight and improve quality of life. Research continues into potential therapies, including gene therapy and stem cell treatments, offering hope for future advancements in AMD treatment.