sunburns

Sunburn is a form of skin damage caused by overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources such as tanning beds. UVB rays cause direct DNA damage and are largely responsible for redness, inflammation, and tanning, while UVA rays penetrate more deeply and contribute to photoaging and additional DNA damage. The symptoms commonly appear within a few hours of exposure, intensify over the first day or two, and may include red, painful, and warm skin, swelling, and sometimes blisters. In more severe cases, fever, headache, nausea, or dehydration can occur.

Causes and risk factors include high UV intensity, midday sun, higher latitude or altitude, reflective surfaces like water or sand, and having fair or sensitive skin. Children, older adults, and people who burn easily are at higher risk. A prior history of severe sunburn increases the risk of skin cancer later in life.

Prevention relies on shielding the skin from UV radiation. Use broad-spectrum sunscreen with SPF 30 or higher, and reapply at least every two hours or after swimming or sweating. Apply generously to all exposed areas and cover with protective clothing, wide-brimmed hats, and sunglasses. Seek shade during peak sun hours and avoid tanning beds. For infants under six months, keep them out of direct sun.

Treatment focuses on cooling and soothing the skin. Cool baths or compresses, moisturizers, and aloe can help. Hydration and over-the-counter pain relievers such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen may reduce discomfort. Do not pop blisters; keep them clean and covered if they break. Seek medical care for extensive burns, severe pain, fever, signs of infection, dehydration, or if a child is affected. A sunburn is usually a temporary injury, but repeated exposure increases long-term skin cancer risk and photoaging.