sunburn

Sunburn is a form of skin damage caused by ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources such as tanning beds. UVB rays primarily cause DNA damage in the epidermis, leading to redness, pain, and swelling, while UVA rays contribute to deeper skin aging and can worsen sunburn. Symptoms typically appear within a few hours and peak after 24 to 72 hours, ranging from mild redness to blistering in more severe cases.

Risk factors include fair skin, light hair, and a history of sunburns, as well as outdoor activity without protection, high sun intensity, and reflective surfaces like water or snow. Certain medications and medical conditions can increase photosensitivity. Infants and young children are particularly vulnerable to sun damage.

Prevention focuses on reducing UV exposure. Use broad-spectrum sunscreen with SPF 30 or higher, applying it 15–30 minutes before sun exposure and reapplying every two hours, or more often after swimming or sweating. Wear protective clothing, wide-brimmed hats, and sunglasses, seek shade during peak sun hours, and avoid tanning beds. Consider UV index and surface reflectivity when planning activities outdoors.

Treatment emphasizes skin cooling and moisture. Cool baths or compresses, gentle moisturizers, and aloe can soothe irritation. For pain, nonprescription NSAIDs such as ibuprofen may help. Stay hydrated and avoid breaking blisters. Seek medical care for extensive sunburn, severe pain, fever, dehydration, signs of infection, or if a young child is affected. Recovery usually occurs within several days to a week, but repeated sun exposure increases long-term risks of skin cancer and photoaging.