Infants

An infant is a child from birth to roughly 12 months of age. The period is characterized by rapid growth and developmental changes that vary widely among individuals. Regular health checkups track growth, development, and vaccination status.

Physically, infants gain length and weight, and head circumference grows rapidly in the first months. They develop motor skills in a roughly cephalocaudal progression: early reflexes such as rooting and sucking; by 4–6 months many can roll over; by 6–8 months sit with support; by 9–12 months may pull to stand and begin to crawl, cruise, or stand briefly. Sensory development includes improving vision, color discrimination, depth perception, improved hearing, and tactile exploration through hands and mouth.

Cognitive and social development: infants begin to track moving objects, recognize caregivers, respond to emotions, and engage in social interaction. Language begins with cooing and babbling, with single words and point gestures by about 12 months. Attachment to caregivers is central to development.

Nutrition and health: exclusive breastfeeding is recommended for about the first six months, with solids introduced while continuing breastfeeding or formula as advised by health professionals. Most infants receive routine vaccinations. Regular sleep patterns and naps support growth. Common issues include feeding difficulties, sleep disturbances, and mild illnesses; persistent concerns should be consulted with a clinician.

Safety and care: safe sleep practices (firm sleep surface, room-sharing without bed-sharing), rear-facing car seats, and avoidance of small objects that could be choking hazards are essential. Infants require close supervision and a stimulating environment with age-appropriate play and interaction.