kathak

Kathak is a classical Indian dance form that developed in Northern India, with strong associations in the state of Uttar Pradesh. The name derives from katha, meaning story, reflecting its traditional function as a storyteller through movement, facial expressions, and music. The dance blends elements of ancient temple dances, itinerant bards, and, from the medieval period onward, Mughal court influences.

Historically, Kathak traces to kathakas, professional storytellers who performed in temples and at palaces. In the 16th–18th centuries it absorbed Persian aesthetic and musical elements from the Mughal regime, giving rise to a highly refined courtly style. Distinct stylistic schools, or gharanas, later developed, with prominent centers at Lucknow, Jaipur, and Banaras (Varanasi), each emphasizing different aspects of technique and expression.

Technique and elements: Kathak centers on rhythm and storytelling. It features intricate footwork, fast spins, and choreographed sequences performed on ghungroos. Movements are shaped by hand gestures (mudras), facial expressions (abhinaya), and coordinated storytelling. Dance is organized into nritta (pure movement with rhythmic patterns), nritya (expressive to convey a narrative), and sometimes natya (theatrical dialogue). Performances are typically accompanied by Hindustani music, especially tabla, tanpura, sitar, sarangi, and harmonium.

Costumes include women in lehenga or sari with a choli and odhani, and men in kurtas and churidar; both may be embellished with jewelry and scarves. Kathak remains a staple of Indian classical dance training and is performed worldwide, with noted exponents such as Birju Maharaj and Sitara Devi representing the Lucknow and broader traditions. Contemporary practice includes solo and choreographed pieces across stages, festivals, and schools.