tanpura

Tanpura is a long-necked plucked string instrument central to Indian classical music, especially in the Hindustani tradition. It serves as a drone, providing a continuous tonal reference that helps singers and instrumentalists anchor pitch and intonation during performance and practice. The tanpura does not play a melody; its function is to sustain harmonious tones that accompany the main performance.

Construction and tuning are characteristic. Most tanpuras have four metal strings stretched over a resonator, traditionally carved from a gourd or made from wood, which gives a warm, resonant drone. The strings are tuned to the tonic (Sa) and the fifth (Pa) in two octaves, producing a two-octave drone that underpins the music. The instrument is designed to be loud enough to be heard over vocalists and other instruments, while remaining relatively simple to maintain. Variants exist with different numbers of strings or resonators, but the standard four-string form is the most common.

Playing technique is straightforward but precise. The strings are plucked with the right hand, usually using the fingernails or a small plectrum, to produce a steady, pulsating drone. The performer’s aim is a smooth, even sound with subtle, sustained overtones that support the ensemble’s pitch reference. The tanpura’s drone aids in maintaining sruti (microtonal shading) and overall tonal coherence throughout a performance.

Variants and modern use are notable. Electric and electronic tanpuras reproduce the drone without a traditional acoustic body, offering durability and adjustable pitch. In addition, the tambura is a closely related instrument used in South Indian classical music for similar drone purposes.