gynecology

Gynecology is a medical specialty that focuses on the health of the female reproductive system, including the uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, cervix, vagina, and external genitalia. It encompasses the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disorders affecting these organs, as well as aspects of sexual and reproductive health. In many health systems, gynecology is practiced in conjunction with obstetrics under the umbrella of obstetrics and gynecology (OB-GYN), with obstetrics addressing pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period. Gynecologists may work in clinics, hospitals, and academic centers, and they often collaborate with urologists, endocrinologists, oncologists, and primary care providers.

Typical topics include menstrual disorders (amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, menorrhagia), contraception and family planning, infertility and reproductive endocrinology, pregnancy-related issues (though pregnancy is primarily managed by obstetricians within OB-GYN), menopause and postmenopausal health, sexuality and sexual function, and screening for cancers of the female reproductive tract. Common conditions include endometriosis, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), fibroids, pelvic inflammatory disease, infections, ovarian cysts, and pelvic floor disorders such as urinary incontinence and prolapse.

Diagnoses are made by history, physical examination, imaging (ultrasound), laboratory tests, and biopsies when indicated. Treatments range from medical therapies (hormonal medications, antibiotics, pain relief) to surgical options, including minimally invasive procedures (laparoscopy, hysteroscopy) and traditional surgeries (hysterectomy, oophorectomy, tubal ligation). Gynecologic oncology, pelvic reconstructive surgery, and reproductive endocrinology and infertility are notable subspecialties.

Training requirements: physicians complete medical school, followed by residency in obstetrics and gynecology; subspecialty fellowships provide additional training. Access to care and guidelines may vary by country and health system. Overall, gynecology aims to maintain reproductive health, enable safe pregnancy when possible, and address conditions that affect quality of life and overall well-being.