umbrella

An umbrella is a portable, collapsible canopy mounted on a central shaft designed to protect a person from rain or sun. It is typically carried by hand, but larger or specialized versions can provide extended shelter or be mounted for hands-free use.

Most umbrellas feature a fabric canopy stretched over a framework of ribs connected to a shaft by a runner and hub. The ribs, tips, and stretchers form the canopy frame; a handle or grip completes the device. Modern versions may include an automatic opening and closing mechanism.

Canopy fabrics are commonly made from polyester or nylon, while the frame has shifted from wood and steel to lighter alloys such as aluminum or composites like fiberglass. There are variations such as compact (folding) umbrellas, golf umbrellas with larger canopies, and windproof designs with vented canopies.

Umbrellas have ancient roots as sun-shields (parasols) in various cultures, with evidence of use in ancient Egypt, Greece, and China. Rain-protecting umbrellas gained popularity in Europe and Asia during the 17th–19th centuries. A key development was the 19th-century introduction of steel-ribbed frames by British inventor Samuel Fox, followed by lighter alloys and plastics.

Today, umbrellas are primarily used to prevent rain entry and to provide shade. They vary by size, weight, and mechanism, and options exist for weather resistance and fashion. Proper care includes drying thoroughly after use and inspecting or replacing damaged ribs or fabric.