automatic

Automatic describes something that operates by itself without continuous human control. In engineering, an automatic system uses sensors to monitor conditions, a control unit to determine appropriate actions, and actuators to carry out those actions. The goal is to maintain a desired state or perform a task reliably with minimal human input. Automatic operation often implies a feedback loop that adjusts outputs in response to changing conditions.

Etymology and scope: The term derives from the Greek auto- 'self' and makos from the suffix -matikos, forming 'self-acting.' In everyday language and specialized fields, automaticity appears in many forms, including automatic control theory, automatic processing in psychology, and automation in manufacturing. The concept contrasts with manual operation, where a human operator directly performs actions.

Common examples include automatic transmissions in vehicles, automatic doors that sense approaching people, and automatic coffee machines or lighting systems. In electronics, automatic gain control adjusts signal strength automatically. In manufacturing and logistics, automation aims to reduce labor and increase consistency, though it may require maintenance, calibration, and power or network connections.

Related terms include semi-automatic and fully automatic, which indicate different levels of human involvement in triggering or reviewing actions. Automatic systems can improve efficiency and safety but may also introduce risks if sensors fail, rules are incomplete, or malfunctions go undetected; thus design, testing, and oversight are essential.