laparoscopy

Laparoscopy is a minimally invasive surgical technique performed through small abdominal incisions using a laparoscope and specialized instruments. A camera attached to the laparoscope provides a magnified view of the abdominal cavity on a monitor. The abdomen is insufflated with carbon dioxide to create a working space for the procedure.

Most procedures are performed under general anesthesia. Small incisions host trocars through which a rigid telescope (laparoscope) and surgical instruments are inserted. The surgeon performs the operation under video guidance, often with magnified visualization. If necessary, conversion to open surgery may be chosen during the procedure.

Common indications include gallbladder removal (cholecystectomy), appendectomy, repair of hernias, and gynecologic operations such as tubal sterilization, oophorectomy, and hysterectomy, as well as certain colorectal and urologic procedures. Diagnostic laparoscopy may evaluate unexplained abdominal or pelvic pain, infertility, or trauma.

Benefits compared with open surgery include smaller scars, less blood loss, reduced postoperative pain, shorter hospital stays, and quicker return to normal activities. Risks include injury to internal organs, bleeding, infection, reactions to anesthesia, gas-related shoulder pain, and port-site hernias. Not all cases are suitable for laparoscopy; obesity, prior extensive abdominal surgery, or severe adhesions may necessitate an open approach or a hybrid technique.

Training and equipment require specialized expertise, including a laparoscope with a camera, trocars, an insufflator, a light source, monitors, and energy devices. Outcomes have improved with advances in technique and instrumentation.