obstetrics

Obstetrics is a medical specialty that focuses on pregnancy, labor, and the postpartum period. It covers prenatal care, management of labor and delivery, and postpartum care for the mother and newborn. Obstetric practice includes risk assessment, fetal surveillance, and the treatment of pregnancy-related complications to optimize outcomes for both.

In many countries obstetrics is practiced separately from gynecology, but in others the two domains are combined as obstetrics and gynecology (OB/GYN). Obstetric care is provided by obstetricians, though nurse-midwives, midwives, and other perinatal health professionals often participate in care, especially during pregnancy and delivery. Training typically requires medical school and a residency in obstetrics and gynecology or midwifery.

Common procedures and technologies include prenatal screening and ultrasound, fetal heart monitoring, amniocentesis in selected cases, induction of labor, augmentation of labor, and various modes of delivery such as cesarean section or assisted vaginal delivery. Analgesia and anesthesia for labor are also important components of care. After delivery, postpartum monitoring and support for lactation, contraception, and mental health screening are often provided.

Key obstetric conditions include preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, placental disorders, fetal growth restriction, and preterm birth. These conditions influence monitoring strategies and delivery planning. Advances in obstetric medicine, surgical techniques, and neonatal care have contributed to improving maternal and neonatal outcomes worldwide, while disparities in access remain a major concern.