Gynecologic

Gynecologic care refers to the medical specialty that focuses on the health of the female reproductive system. The term relates to the field of gynecology, which covers the development, function, diseases, and disorders of structures such as the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina, and external genitalia. Gynecologists also address aspects of sexual health, fertility, and menopause, and often work with obstetricians to provide comprehensive women’s health care.

Common gynecologic conditions include menstrual disorders such as abnormal uterine bleeding and amenorrhea; gynecologic cancers (cervical, endometrial, ovarian, vulvar, vaginal); endometriosis; uterine fibroids; polycystic ovary syndrome; pelvic inflammatory disease; cervical dysplasia and infections; infertility and recurrent pregnancy loss; and conditions causing pelvic pain or urinary symptoms. Acute emergencies such as ectopic pregnancy and ruptured ovarian cysts require prompt gynecologic evaluation.

Evaluation typically involves history and physical examination, including a pelvic exam, along with tests such as Pap smears and HPV testing, imaging studies like transvaginal ultrasound, laboratory studies, and, when indicated, biopsies or endoscopic procedures such as laparoscopy or hysteroscopy.

Treatments are individualized and may include medications, hormonal therapies, antibiotics, or surgical interventions ranging from minimally invasive procedures to hysterectomy or oophorectomy. Preventive care emphasizes routine gynecologic exams, appropriate cancer screening, vaccination (e.g., HPV vaccine), contraception, and education on sexual health.

Gynecologic care is provided by gynecologists, who may collaborate with other specialists to address complex conditions and coordinate overall women’s health care across the lifespan.