HPV

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a non-enveloped, double-stranded DNA virus in the Papillomaviridae family. It comprises more than 100 distinct types, about 14 of which are high-risk for cancer, and several are linked to benign warts. HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection worldwide. Transmission occurs mainly through sexual contact, including vaginal, anal, and oral sex, though non-sexual transmission is possible in rare cases. Most infections are asymptomatic and clear spontaneously within one to two years.

High-risk HPV types can cause precancerous changes and, if persistent, progress to cancers, most notably cervical cancer. They can also contribute to cancers of the oropharynx, anus, penis, vagina, and vulva. Low-risk types are mainly linked to genital warts and benign lesions; they are less likely to progress to cancer.

Prevention combines vaccination and screening. Vaccines such as Gardasil 9 protect against several high- and low-risk types and reduce the incidence of HPV-related cancers and genital warts. Vaccination is typically recommended for preteens around 11–12 years old, with catch-up through adolescence and early adulthood. Routine cervical cancer screening with cytology (Pap) and/or HPV DNA testing detects precancerous lesions for early intervention.

Diagnosis is established by HPV DNA testing or cytology. There is no cure for the infection; most infections resolve naturally. Management targets symptoms and precancerous changes, such as removal of warts or lesions, while vaccination provides primary prevention.