HPVrelated

HPV-related conditions refer to diseases associated with infection by human papillomavirus (HPV). There are more than 200 HPV types, broadly categorized as low-risk, which commonly cause warts, and high-risk, which are linked to cancers. HPV is mainly transmitted through sexual contact, including vaginal, anal, and oral intercourse, but non-sexual skin-to-skin contact and transmission from mother to child can occur. Many infections resolve spontaneously within one to two years.

Low-risk HPV types, such as 6 and 11, cause anogenital warts and some oral lesions. High-risk types, including 16, 18, 31, and 33, are associated with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cancers of the cervix, anus, vulva, vagina, penis, and oropharynx. Most HPV infections do not cause symptoms and remain asymptomatic.

Screening and vaccination are central to HPV-related disease prevention. Cervical cancer screening uses Pap tests and HPV DNA testing to detect precancerous changes. Vaccines available in several formulations (bivalent, quadrivalent, nonavalent) protect against common high-risk and low-risk HPV types. Vaccination is most effective when given before exposure to HPV but can benefit some individuals later. Vaccines do not treat existing infections, so regular screening remains important.

Most HPV infections clear on their own, but persistent infection with high-risk types increases cancer risk. Management varies by condition and may include observation, topical therapies, or procedural interventions such as ablation or surgical excision for precancerous lesions or warts. Early detection improves outcomes.

Public health efforts focus on reducing transmission and cancer burden through vaccination, screening, education, and access to care.