childbirth

Childbirth is the process by which a fetus is delivered from the uterus through the birth canal. It is commonly described in three stages. The first stage begins with the onset of regular contractions and ends when the cervix is fully dilated to about 10 centimeters; it is often divided into a latent phase and an active phase. The second stage extends from full dilation to the birth of the baby and typically involves pushing. The third stage ends with delivery of the placenta.

During labor, uterine contractions and pelvic movements move the fetus toward and through the birth canal. The cervix effaces and dilates, the amniotic sac may rupture, and the baby is guided by its presenting part through the pelvis. Birth settings vary and may include hospital, birth center, or at home, under the care of obstetricians, midwives, or other trained birth attendants.

Most births occur vaginally, but cesarean section is performed when there are medical indications such as fetal distress, abnormal fetal position, placenta problems, prior cesarean delivery, or failed labor progress. Labor management may include pain relief options such as epidural anesthesia, nitrous oxide, or systemic analgesics, as well as nonpharmacologic methods like breathing techniques, movement, hydrotherapy, and massage.

After birth, the placenta is delivered and the immediate postpartum period focuses on maternal and newborn stabilization, breastfeeding support, and detection of complications. Newborn assessment commonly includes an Apgar score and routine vital checks. Possible complications include prolonged labor, hemorrhage, infection, or fetal distress, but many births proceed without serious problems with appropriate care.