abaya

An abaya is a simple, loose-fitting outer garment worn by some Muslim women in public. It is typically ankle-length, covers the body from shoulders to feet, and has long sleeves. The term abaya comes from Arabic and means cloak or robe. While commonly black in many Gulf countries, abayas can be found in a variety of colors and fabrics, including crepe, georgette, and satin, and may feature embroidery, patterns, or decorative trim. Some styles are closed-front, while others are open-front and worn over everyday clothing, sometimes paired with a hijab or headscarf; in some regions it may be worn with a niqab or other face covering, but that is not universal.

Abayas are part of traditional modest dress in the Arabian Peninsula and parts of North Africa, East Africa, and South Asia, though not all Muslim communities use them. In many places, the garment functions as an outer layer to preserve modesty in public, protect from sun and dust, or comply with cultural norms. It is also adapted as a fashion item, with designer abayas, contemporary cuts, and varied fabrics.

While often linked to religious practice, wearing an abaya is not itself a universal Islamic obligation; expectations vary by country, culture, and personal belief. Some states enforce dress codes in public spaces, including mandates to wear an abaya or to cover more, while others have no such requirement.

Over recent decades, abayas have become a global fashion item within the modest fashion movement, with international designers, retailers, and runways showcasing varied silhouettes, embellishments, and lightweight fabrics.