runways

Runways are defined strips of land or water prepared for the takeoff and landing of aircraft. They provide a hard, level surface with markings and lighting to guide pilots during ground roll, approach, and touchdown. Runways are oriented to take advantage of prevailing winds and are identified by a digital-like number based on their magnetic heading, typically ranging from 01 to 36.

Runways vary widely in length and width depending on the airsensitive needs of a facility and the types of aircraft it serves. Major international airports often feature runways longer than 3,000 meters, while smaller airstrips may be only a few hundred meters long. Surfaces are most commonly paved with asphalt or concrete, though some regional or military airfields use gravel, grass, or other materials. Water runways exist in certain coastal or riverine environments.

Markers and lights help establish a runway’s location and usable portion. Visual markings include the threshold, centerline, aiming point, and touchdown zone indicators. Lighting systems such as runway edge lights, threshold lights, and runway end identifier lights assist operations in low visibility. Instrument approaches supported by systems like the ILS, GLS, and VOR enable landings in poor weather.

Operations and safety considerations include weather, visibility, braking action, and runway condition. Runways may be equipped with displaced thresholds, blast pads, or overruns, and they must meet regulatory standards set by authorities like ICAO and national aviation agencies. Regular maintenance, inspections, and environmental considerations are integral to their ongoing use.