embroidery

Embroidery is the craft of decorating fabric by stitching threads, yarns, or other materials with a needle. It combines practical textile work with decorative design and can create flat or raised textures on a wide range of fabrics.

Techniques include counted-thread methods such as cross-stitch and backstitch; free or surface embroidery such as satin stitch, stem stitch, and chain stitch; and crewel work, which traditionally uses wool on linen. Embroidery can be produced by hand or by machine, with digitized designs guiding machine stitching in modern production. Materials vary by tradition and purpose and commonly include fabrics such as cotton, linen, silk, and wool; threads such as cotton floss, silk, wool, and metallics; and tools like embroidery needles, hoops or frames, and stabilizers.

The practice has ancient and diverse roots, with evidence of embroidered textiles found in many cultures. It has served utilitarian, ceremonial, and artistic roles, from garment decoration and household linens to church vestments and court costumes. Regional traditions include Chinese Suzhou embroidery, Indian and Bangladeshi kantha and zardozi, Central Asian suzanis, and Japanese sashiko, among others. The rise of industrial sewing and machine embroidery in the 19th and 20th centuries expanded access and enabled large-scale production, while contemporary embroidery ranges from folk craft and fashion to fine art and digital textile design.

Today embroidery remains both a craft and a medium for personal and cultural expression, practiced by hobbyists and professionals alike. Care considerations vary by material but generally involve gentle washing, appropriate heat settings, and avoiding harsh agitation for delicate pieces.