metallics

Metallics refers to metals and metal-based materials, including pure metals, alloys, and metal-containing composites. They are characterized by metallic bonding, high electrical and thermal conductivity, metallic luster, and typically good strength and ductility. The category spans both abundant base metals and specialized materials such as precious metals.

Broadly, metallics are divided into ferrous metals and non-ferrous metals. Ferrous metals contain iron, with steels and cast irons forming a large portion of industrial use. Non-ferrous metals include aluminum, copper, nickel, titanium, zinc, and the precious metals. Alloys such as steel, bronze, brass, and superalloys extend or modify the properties of the base metals. Metal-based composites and coatings, including metallic pigments, are also considered part of metallics for certain applications.

Key properties of metallics include high density and strength, good stiffness, and excellent electrical and thermal conductivity. They are often highly malleable and ductile, with surfaces that can be highly reflective. Corrosion resistance varies with composition and treatment, and many metals are prone to oxidation unless protected by coatings, alloying, or passivation. Heat treatment and mechanical forming enable a wide range of shapes and mechanical properties.

Production and processing involve mining and refining ore, smelting, and refining to obtain pure metals, followed by alloying and shaping through casting, rolling, extrusion, or forging. Powder metallurgy provides another route for specialized components. Recycling is a major source of many metallics and can significantly reduce energy use and environmental impact.

Applications of metallics span construction, transportation, electronics, machinery, cookware, jewelry, coatings, and catalytic systems, reflecting their versatility and central role in modern industry.