Vitiligoa

Vitiligoa is a term occasionally used to describe vitiligo, a chronic depigmenting skin condition caused by the loss of melanocytes in the epidermis. In medical literature, vitiligo is the preferred name, and vitiligoa is not widely recognized as a separate disease. The condition presents as well-defined patches of depigmented skin that can occur on any part of the body, most commonly on the face, hands, elbows, knees, and around body orifices. Patches may spread over months or years and can be static for long periods. Hair in the affected areas may also turn white (poliosis). The depigmented patches are usually more sensitive to sunburn.

Causes and pathophysiology are not fully understood, but vitiligoa/vitiligo is generally considered autoimmune in nature. The immune system appears to attack epidermal melanocytes, leading to their loss. A genetic predisposition is common, and environmental or internal triggers (such as stress or skin injury) may influence onset or progression. It often coexists with other autoimmune diseases, including autoimmune thyroid disease, type 1 diabetes, and alopecia areata.

Diagnosis is typically clinical, based on the appearance of patches. A Wood lamp can enhance contrast under ultraviolet light, helping characterize the depigmented areas. Skin biopsies or laboratory tests may be used to rule out other causes of hypopigmentation, such as tinea versicolor or post-inflammatory changes.

Treatment aims to halt progression and induce repigmentation. Options include topical corticosteroids or calcineurin inhibitors for localized disease, and phototherapy (narrowband UVB or targeted 308 nm excimer laser) for more extensive involvement. In very widespread cases, depigmentation of remaining pigmented skin may be considered. Management also includes sunscreen and cosmetic camouflage. Prognosis is variable; some individuals stabilize, while others experience ongoing changes.