tinea

Tinea is a group of superficial fungal infections of keratinized tissues of the skin, hair, and nails caused by dermatophyte fungi—most often species of Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton. It is commonly referred to as ringworm, though it is not caused by worms. Tinea infections are widespread and occur worldwide, with higher incidence in warm, humid climates and among children and athletes.

Common forms include tinea corporis (body), tinea capitis (scalp), tinea cruris (groin, “jock itch”), tinea pedis (feet, “athlete’s foot”), and tinea unguium or onychomycosis (nails). Tinea faciei affects the face, and tinea barbae involves the beard area. Transmission occurs through direct contact with an infected person or animal, or via contaminated objects and surfaces. Animals can serve as reservoirs for several dermatophyte species.

Diagnosis is typically clinical, supported by laboratory tests. A potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation can reveal fungal hyphae, and fungal culture can identify the species. Wood’s lamp examination may help in some cases but is not definitive.

Treatment depends on infection extent and location. Many mild cases respond to topical antifungals such as terbinafine, clotrimazole, or miconazole applied daily for 1–4 weeks. Nail and scalp infections often require systemic therapy (for example, terbinafine or itraconazole) for several weeks to months. Prevention includes keeping skin dry, avoiding shared personal items, and treating affected pets.

Prognosis is generally favorable with appropriate therapy, though recurrences are common.