clotrimazole

Clotrimazole is an antifungal medication of the azole class (imidazole). It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a key component of fungal cell membranes, by blocking the fungal enzyme 14α-demethylase. This disruption weakens the cell membrane and inhibits fungal growth.

Utilization: Clotrimazole is used topically to treat infections of the skin caused by dermatophytes and yeasts, including athlete's foot (tinea pedis), jock itch (tinea cruris), ringworm (tinea corporis), and cutaneous candidiasis. It is also used orally in the form of lozenges or troches to treat oral candidiasis (thrush). Vaginal forms (tablets or creams) treat vaginal candidiasis. Many formulations are available over the counter; vaginal products are frequently prescription in some jurisdictions.

Forms and administration: topical creams, solutions, and powders applied to the affected skin; vaginal tablets or creams inserted into the vagina; oral lozenges or troches for oral thrush. Dosing varies by product; follow label directions. Systemic absorption from topical applications is limited; significant absorption is unlikely except with extensive use or mucosal/serious disease.

Mechanism and effect: by inhibiting ergosterol synthesis, clotrimazole compromises fungal cell membranes, inhibiting growth and viability.

Safety and adverse effects: most common are local irritation, burning, or itching at the application site. Rare hypersensitivity reactions. Systemic adverse effects are uncommon due to limited absorption from topical products.

Contraindications and interactions: contraindicated in hypersensitivity to clotrimazole or other azole antifungals. Interactions are unlikely with topical use, but systemic exposure from certain formulations may interact with drugs metabolized by hepatic enzymes; consult a clinician if taking other antifungals or meds with narrow therapeutic indices.

Notes: clotrimazole is not used to treat systemic fungal infections. Pregnant and breastfeeding individuals should use products as directed; topical products are generally considered safe when used appropriately.