superficial

Superficial is an adjective and noun in common usage, derived from Medieval Latin superficialis, from Latin super- meaning over or above and facies meaning face or appearance. It denotes something on or near the surface, or concerned with surface aspects rather than depth. It can describe physical objects or processes near the outer layer, such as superficial veins or superficial wounds, which affect only the surface and not deeper structures. It can also refer to an approach or examination that lacks thoroughness or depth.

In medicine and biology, superficial signifies proximity to the surface of the body or an organ. It is often contrasted with deep or internal structures. Examples include superficial burns affecting only the epidermis, and superficial fascia, a subcutaneous layer separating skin from deeper tissues. The term helps distinguish between surface-level and deeper tissues in anatomy, pathology, and imaging.

In common usage, superficial frequently describes judgments, knowledge, or analyses that skim the surface and do not engage with complexities, underlying causes, or broader implications. This sense carries a generally negative connotation, implying incompleteness, haste, or a lack of critical thought, though it can be neutral when referring to physical layerings. The word is closely related to synonyms like shallow and cursory, which likewise imply limited depth.