beard

A beard is facial hair grown on the chin, jawline, and cheeks. It is most common among adult men, though some women have facial hair due to hormonal conditions. Beards vary in density, coverage, and style across individuals and cultures.

Beard growth is driven by androgens, especially testosterone and dihydrotestosterone. The hair follicles in the beard area cycle through growth (anagen) and rest (telogen); facial hair often has a longer anagen phase than scalp hair. Shaving does not increase growth rate or alter pattern.

Onset is usually during puberty, around ages 12–16, but, like density and pattern, is highly variable by genetics and ethnicity. Some men develop full beards, others only patchy growth or none.

Beards have carried varied meanings, from signals of maturity and masculinity to symbols of wisdom, religious observance, or fashion. In Sikhism unshorn hair, including beards, is part of religious practice; other traditions have different attitudes toward beards and grooming. In modern times, styles range from natural to highly groomed.

Care and health: Regular washing with a mild cleanser, conditioning, and trimming help prevent skin irritation and ingrown hairs. Beards can be affected by dandruff or folliculitis; many people use beard oils or balms. People with hormonal disorders or hair loss should seek medical advice for atypical beard growth.