Subluxation

Subluxation is a medical term for a partial dislocation of a joint, in which the articulating surfaces remain in partial contact rather than being completely separated. It differs from a dislocation (luxation), in which the bones lose contact altogether, and from a sprain, which involves ligament injury without joint displacement.

Subluxations can involve many joints, most commonly the fingers, shoulders, knees, hips, and the temporomandibular joint. In dentistry, tooth subluxation refers to loosening of a tooth with partial displacement but intact surrounding tissues. In the spine, vertebral subluxation is a term used in some chiropractic contexts; it remains controversial and is not universally recognized as a distinct medical condition by mainstream medicine.

Causes include acute trauma (such as falls or sports injuries), repetitive microtrauma, degenerative joint disease, congenital ligamentous laxity, and certain inflammatory or systemic conditions. Symptoms typically include pain, tenderness, swelling, and reduced range of motion; there may be joint instability or a visible deformity if the displacement is notable. Dental subluxation presents as tooth loosening with toothache on touch or biting.

Diagnosis relies on history and physical examination, with imaging such as X-rays to assess alignment and rule out fractures. Dental subluxation assessment may include pulp vitality testing. Treatment depends on location and severity. Many subluxations heal with conservative care: rest, immobilization or bracing, ice, analgesia or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and gradual rehabilitation. If instability, neurovascular compromise, or persistent deformity occurs, reduction, immobilization, or surgical stabilization may be necessary. Dental subluxation is managed with observation, bite adjustment, splinting if needed, and endodontic treatment if pulp necrosis develops.

Prognosis varies by joint and severity but is generally favorable with appropriate management; recurrence or chronic pain may occur in some cases.