splinting

Splinting is the immobilization of a limb or other body part using a rigid or flexible support to prevent movement, reduce pain, and safeguard tissues after injury. It is commonly used in prehospital settings, emergency care, and orthopedics as a temporary measure until definitive treatment, such as imaging or surgical stabilization, can be provided.

Indications include suspected fractures or severe sprains, dislocations awaiting reduction, post-reduction immobilization, tendon or ligament injuries where movement could worsen damage, and protection of injured areas during swelling. Open wounds require sterile dressings before splinting and should be managed by trained personnel.

Common splint types include rigid splints made from boards, metal, plaster or fiberglass; soft splints using towels or pillows; malleable splints such as SAM splints; and air or vacuum splints. Materials vary by setting, availability, and location of injury. Padding is used to prevent pressure on nerves and skin.

Technique involves assessing distal feeling, movement, and circulation before applying; immobilizing the joint above and below the injury; applying padding over bony prominences; placing the splint to keep the limb in a natural position; securing with bandages or tape without excessive constriction; and reassessing neurovascular status after application. Do not attempt to straighten a suspected fracture.

Risks include skin breakdown, pressure sores, nerve or vascular injury from constriction, and inadequate immobilization if the splint is ill-fitted. Splinting is usually a temporary measure; definitive care should follow promptly, and monitoring for changes in circulation or sensation is essential.