orthopedics

Orthopedics is the branch of medicine that focuses on the diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and rehabilitation of disorders of the musculoskeletal system, including bones, joints, ligaments, tendons, muscles, nerves, and the spine. The field covers nonoperative care as well as surgical interventions and aims to restore function, reduce pain, and improve mobility.

Common conditions managed by orthopedists include fractures, dislocations, degenerative joint diseases such as osteoarthritis, sports injuries, tendon and ligament injuries, spine disorders, congenital deformities in children, pediatric bone and growth problems, and tumors of bone and soft tissue. Diagnostic evaluation relies on patient history, physical examination, and imaging studies such as X-ray, MRI, CT, ultrasound, and occasionally bone scans. Treatments range from physical therapy, immobilization, bracing, and injections to surgical procedures.

Surgical options encompass fracture fixation, joint replacement (arthroplasty), spinal fusion and decompression, minimally invasive arthroscopic procedures, ligament or tendon repair, and tumor resection. Ongoing advancements include robotic-assisted and computer-assisted surgery, improved implant materials, enhanced imaging, and biologic therapies that support healing.

Subspecialties within orthopedics include pediatric orthopedics, spine surgery, upper extremity (shoulder, elbow, hand), lower extremity (hip, knee, foot, ankle), sports medicine, orthopedic oncology, and trauma. Training typically involves medical school, residency in orthopedics, and often fellowship training in a chosen subspecialty, with board certification in many countries. Orthopedics emphasizes multidisciplinary care and rehabilitation to restore independence and quality of life.