orthopedists

Orthopedists, commonly referred to as orthopedic surgeons in many countries, are physicians who specialize in the diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of the musculoskeletal system. Their scope covers bones, joints, ligaments, tendons, muscles, nerves, and the spine, and they provide both nonoperative and surgical care for a wide range of conditions and injuries.

Training typically begins with a medical degree followed by a residency in orthopedic surgery. Many orthopedists complete one or more fellowships to subspecialize. Certification is offered by national boards (for example, the American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery in the United States) and requires ongoing continuing medical education.

Subspecialties include pediatric orthopedics, spine, hip and knee arthroplasty, hand surgery, foot and ankle, shoulder and elbow, sports medicine, and orthopedic trauma. Common conditions treated include fractures, arthritis, deformities, congenital disorders, tendon and ligament injuries, back pain, and tumors.

Orthopedists use nonoperative approaches such as physical therapy, bracing, and injections, as well as surgical procedures including fracture fixation, joint replacement, arthroscopic repair, spine procedures, and limb-lengthening or deformity-correction surgeries.

They practice in hospitals, orthopedic clinics, and academic medical centers, often as part of multidisciplinary teams with physical therapists, radiologists, and other specialists. Professional organizations include national and international societies that promote education, research, and guidelines in musculoskeletal care.