breakdown

Breakdown is a general term for a failure, collapse, or detailed analysis of a component, system, or condition. In everyday language it can refer to mechanical or electrical failure, an emotional crisis, or the decomposition of substances.

Mechanical breakdown is the failure of machinery or infrastructure, usually from wear, overload, fatigue, defects, or poor maintenance. A breakdown can halt operations, create safety hazards, and require repair or replacement. Preventive maintenance, monitoring sensors, and redundancy reduce risk.

Mental health usage describes an emotional breakdown as an abrupt inability to function under stress. This informal term is not a formal diagnosis, though it is used for cases of severe anxiety, depression, or exhaustion. Professional evaluation, rest, social support, and treatment plans are typical responses.

Chemical and biological breakdown encompasses decomposition into simpler substances. In chemistry, breakdown occurs through hydrolysis, oxidation, or thermal decomposition. In biology, breakdown includes catabolic processes that release energy from nutrients and digestion where large molecules are broken into absorbable units.

Electrical breakdown refers to insulation failure under high voltage, leading to arcing or conduction through a previously nonconductive medium. It is governed by dielectric strength and is a major concern in power systems and electronics.

Data and communications contexts use breakdown to mean a detailed subdivision of information, such as a demographic breakdown or a product breakdown, presenting results by components or subgroups. In music, breakdown denotes a section where texture simplifies or shifts dramatically.