exhaustion

Exhaustion is a state of extreme physical or mental fatigue in which a person experiences markedly reduced energy, motivation, and capacity for alertness. It can be acute, arising from a single heavy task or illness, or chronic, developing over time and affecting daily functioning. Exhaustion is typically a symptom rather than a standalone diagnosis, and it can occur in conjunction with a wide range of medical, psychiatric, and lifestyle factors.

Common causes include insufficient or disrupted sleep, excessive physical or mental exertion, and sustained emotional stress. Caregiving demands, poor nutrition, and sedentary or irregular lifestyles can contribute as well. Medical conditions such as anemia, thyroid disorders, diabetes, infections, autoimmune diseases, and chronic fatigue syndrome can produce persistent exhaustion. Medications, alcohol, and other substances may worsen energy levels. Psychological factors such as burnout, depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder are linked to emotional exhaustion and reduced motivation.

Symptoms vary but typically include persistent tiredness, reduced stamina, slowed thinking, trouble concentrating, memory issues, mood changes, irritability, headaches, and sleep disturbances. Evaluation often aims to identify reversible medical causes through history, physical examination, and laboratory tests (e.g., blood counts, thyroid function, metabolic panels).

Management focuses on addressing underlying causes and promoting recovery. This may involve improving sleep quality and quantity, regular physical activity at tolerable levels, balanced nutrition, hydration, and stress management. Treating associated conditions (for example, sleep apnea, depression, or thyroid disease) is essential. Behavioral therapies and organizational strategies can help with burnout. In many cases, exhaustion improves with rest and time; chronic or severe exhaustion may require a structured plan and multidisciplinary care.