sprains

A sprain is an injury to a ligament—the connective tissue that stabilizes joints by connecting bones. Sprains are most common in the ankle, wrist, knee, and thumb, but can affect any joint. They are distinct from strains, which involve muscles or tendons rather than ligaments.

Sprains typically occur after a sudden twist, wrench, or impact to a joint, such as landing awkwardly or falling. Symptoms include joint pain, swelling, bruising, tenderness, and reduced ability to move or bear weight. In severe cases, the joint may feel unstable or give way.

Diagnosis is based on history and physical examination. Imaging may be used to exclude fractures or assess ligament injury: X-ray to rule out broken bones, MRI or ultrasound in persistent or severe cases.

Immediate management may follow RICE: Rest the joint, apply ice to reduce swelling (20 minutes several times a day), use compression, and elevate the limb. Over-the-counter analgesics can help. Depending on severity, immobilization with a brace or splint and a graded rehab program may be required. Early gentle range-of-motion and strengthening exercises, usually under guidance, improve outcomes.

Prognosis varies with severity. Mild sprains often heal in days to a couple of weeks. Moderate sprains may take several weeks; severe sprains can take months and carry a risk of chronic instability or recurrent sprains. Surgical repair is uncommon but may be considered for certain injuries.

Prevention focuses on conditioning, balance training, proper footwear, and protective equipment. Warm-up exercises and training to improve proprioception reduce the risk of ankle and other joint sprains.