falling

Falling is the movement of a body from a higher position to a lower position under the influence of gravity, often occurring suddenly after loss of balance or contact with a surface. Falls can be accidental or deliberate, as in a person intentionally dropping an object or performing a controlled descent. In physics, falling refers to motion under gravity, with air resistance shaping the motion; in the idealized case of negligible air resistance, an object near the Earth's surface accelerates at about 9.81 m/s^2.

Free fall occurs when air resistance is negligible; terminal velocity is reached when drag equals weight, resulting in constant downward speed. The rate of fall depends on mass, shape, and air density. In everyday contexts, the fall is slowed by contact with the ground, cushions, or protective gear.

Causes and risk factors include tripping, slipping, clutter, poor lighting, medication side effects, vertigo, and fainting. Falls are a leading cause of injury among older adults and children. Consequences range from minor bruises to fractures, head injuries, and, in rare cases, death. Fear of falling can lead to reduced activity and functional decline.

Prevention centers on environmental modification and personal capability. Maintain clear pathways, use handrails, ensure lighting, wear appropriate footwear, and use assistive devices as needed. Exercise programs emphasizing balance, strength, and flexibility reduce fall risk. Medical evaluation for dizziness, orthostatic hypotension, vision problems, and medication review is important.

In culture and science, falling is a common metaphor and subject of study in physics, biomechanics, and safety engineering. Related topics include gravity, free fall, fall prevention, and fall-related injuries.