toothache

A toothache is pain in or around a tooth or jaw that may result from dental disease, nerve irritation, or injury. The most common causes are dental decay (cavities), pulpitis, and gum disease, but toothache can also arise from a cracked tooth, an abscess, worn enamel, or sinus infections that irritate upper teeth. The pain can be constant or intermittent and may be worse when chewing or when exposed to temperature changes.

Symptoms vary and may include a dull ache, a sharp or throbbing pain, sensitivity to hot or cold, swelling of the gums or face, or difficulty chewing. In some cases there is no obvious cause. Red flags include fever, spreading facial swelling, trouble breathing or swallowing, severe persistent pain, or a tooth that is loose; such signs require urgent dental or medical care.

A dental evaluation is usually needed to determine the cause. The dentist reviews medical history, conducts a physical examination, and may take X-rays. Tests such as percussion or cold/heat tests help distinguish tooth-related pain from other sources such as sinusitis or TMJ disorders.

Treatment depends on the cause. At home, people can use saltwater rinses, a cold compress, and over-the-counter analgesics as directed. Avoid placing aspirin directly on gums. A dentist may perform fillings for decay, root canal therapy for diseased pulp, tooth extraction, drainage of an abscess, or periodontal therapy.

Prevention focuses on good oral hygiene, regular dental visits, fluoride exposure, sealants for at-risk teeth, and limiting sugar and acidic foods. Prompt treatment of dental problems reduces the risk of infection and tooth loss.