cavities

Cavities, or dental caries, are permanently damaged areas in teeth that develop into holes or openings. They result from demineralization of tooth enamel and dentin caused by acids produced by bacteria in dental plaque after fermentable sugars are consumed. The process begins with demineralization, often presenting as white spot lesions; if untreated, cavities progress to cavitations that can involve dentin and pulp. Symptoms may include toothache, sensitivity to sweet, hot or cold, or visible holes. Diagnosis typically involves dental examination and bitewing or periapical X-rays.

Treatment depends on the extent of the decay. Early lesions may be managed with fluoride therapy and improved oral hygiene; established cavities require removal of decayed tissue and restoration with fillings, and possibly crowns, root canal therapy, or extraction in severe cases.

Prevention includes brushing with fluoridated toothpaste twice daily, flossing, reducing sugary foods and beverages, fluoride varnish or sealants for at-risk children, and regular dental visits. Cavities are among the most common chronic diseases worldwide. They can be prevented with community water fluoridation, good oral hygiene, diet management, and access to dental care. Left untreated, caries can lead to pain, infection, tooth loss, and complications affecting nutrition and quality of life.