caries

Caries, commonly known as dental cavities or tooth decay, is a destructive process that results in the demineralization and destruction of the hard tissues of the teeth, including enamel, dentin, and cementum. It is caused primarily by the metabolic activity of bacteria within dental plaque, a sticky biofilm that forms on tooth surfaces. Specific bacteria, such as Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacilli, metabolize fermentable carbohydrates (sugars and starches) from diet, producing acids as byproducts. These acids lower the pH in the mouth, leading to the dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals in the tooth’s mineral structure.

Caries progresses through several stages: initial demineralization, subsurface lesions, and eventual cavity formation. The appearance often begins as a white or brown spot lesion on the enamel. If untreated, the decay can penetrate deeper, reaching the dentin and pulp, causing pain, sensitivity, and potential infection.

Risk factors include poor oral hygiene, high sugar intake, dry mouth conditions, acidic diets, and limited access to fluoride. Fluoride usage can enhance remineralization processes and inhibit bacterial activity, thereby reducing the risk of caries development.

Preventative measures focus on maintaining good oral hygiene, reducing sugar consumption, and using fluoride-containing dental products. Regular dental check-ups enable early detection and management of cariogenic lesions. Treatments may range from topical fluoride application to restorations, such as fillings, crowns, or root canals, to restore function and prevent further damage.

Caries remains one of the most common chronic diseases worldwide, affecting people of all ages. Its prevention and management are essential components of overall dental health and hygiene practices.