demineralization

Demineralization is the process by which minerals are removed from a material, typically involving inorganic ions such as calcium, magnesium, potassium, iron, and phosphate. While the term can apply to many substances, it is most commonly used in reference to water, dental enamel, bone, and soils, where mineral content influences structure, hardness, and function.

In water treatment, demineralization or deionization reduces mineral ions to produce high-purity water. Techniques include ion-exchange resins (separating cations and anions), mixed-bed resins, reverse osmosis, distillation, and electrodialysis. Demineralized water is widely used in laboratories, pharmaceuticals, electronics manufacturing, and power plants, where mineral impurities can affect processes or equipment.

In dentistry, demineralization describes the loss of minerals from enamel due to acid exposure from plaque bacteria. This early stage of dental caries weakens tooth structure and can be countered by remineralization through saliva, fluoride, and calcium and phosphate from dietary sources, which help restore mineral content and halt progression.

In biological and medical contexts, demineralization refers to the loss of bone or tooth minerals, often associated with osteoporosis, aging, immobilization, or disease. This can compromise structural integrity and function, with treatment focusing on addressing underlying causes, ensuring adequate mineral nutrition, and employing therapies that promote mineral accretion or reduce bone resorption.

Overall, demineralization encompasses mineral removal processes that affect material properties, health, and industrial applications, alongside natural physiological processes that can be clinical targets for intervention.