deformity

Deformity is an abnormal shape, size, position, or function of a part of the body. In medical usage the term covers a wide range of conditions, from benign cosmetic differences to serious structural problems. Deformities can be congenital, present at birth, or acquired later in life.

Causes include congenital developmental anomalies due to genetic factors or prenatal influences, as well as acquired factors such as trauma, infection, inflammation, tumors, degenerative disease, muscle imbalance, burns, or prolonged immobilization. Deformities may involve bones, joints, soft tissues, or organs and may affect appearance, mechanics, or physiology.

Examples include spinal deformities such as scoliosis, limb deformities such as angular deformities or clubfoot, craniofacial asymmetry, thoracic wall deformities, and hand abnormalities. Some deformities are primarily cosmetic; others cause functional limitations, pain, respiratory compromise, or impaired gait or dexterity.

Diagnosis relies on history, physical examination, and imaging such as X-ray, CT, or MRI. Classification typically separates congenital from acquired, and analyzes the location and affected structures. Management aims to restore alignment and function and may include orthotics, physical therapy, and reconstructive procedures. Surgical options include osteotomies, joint reconstruction, soft tissue releases, tendon transfers, prosthetics, or, in severe cases, amputation. Multidisciplinary care is common.

Outcomes vary by cause, severity, and available resources. Early intervention can improve function and quality of life. Deformities can raise social and psychosocial challenges, so education, counseling, and accessible care are important components of treatment.